Constantine I

Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus

Reign 306 AD – 337 AD
Dynasty Constantinian
Born c. 272 AD
Died 337 AD

Constantine the Great was the first Christian emperor, whose conversion and the Edict of Milan in 313 AD transformed the religious landscape of the Roman world. He defeated all rivals to reunify the empire, founded Constantinople as a new eastern capital, and convened the Council of Nicaea to define Christian orthodoxy.

Constantine reshaped the Roman world more profoundly than any emperor since Augustus. His conversion to Christianity, the founding of Constantinople, and the introduction of the solidus were transformative acts whose effects endured for a millennium in the Byzantine Empire and shaped the course of Western civilization.

Key Events

306 AD Acclaimed Augustus by his father's troops at Eboracum (York)
312 AD Defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge; vision of the cross
313 AD Edict of Milan jointly with Licinius, granting religious toleration throughout the empire
324 AD Defeated Licinius to become sole ruler; founded Constantinople
325 AD Convened the Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical council of the Christian church
337 AD Baptized on his deathbed; died near Nicomedia

Coinage

Constantine's coinage marks the transition from pagan to Christian Roman symbolism. Early issues feature Sol Invictus, but later types introduce the labarum (Christian standard) and Chi-Rho monogram. He introduced the solidus at 1/72 of a pound of gold, establishing the standard gold coin that would endure for 700 years in Byzantium.

Denominations

Solidus Siliqua Nummus (Follis) Reduced nummus (AE3/AE4)

Notable Types

  • SOLI INVICTO COMITI (early Sol types)
  • Labarum types with Chi-Rho
  • GLORIA EXERCITVS (soldiers and standards)
  • VRBS ROMA and CONSTANTINOPOLIS commemorative types

Common Reverses

SOLI INVICTO COMITI BEATA TRANQVILLITAS SARMATIA DEVICTA GLORIA EXERCITVS PROVIDENTIAE AVGG IOVI CONSERVATORI

Active Mints

Rome Ticinum Aquileia Siscia Sirmium Thessalonica Heraclea Constantinople Nicomedia Cyzicus Antioch Alexandria London (Londinium) Lyon (Lugdunum) Trier (Augusta Treverorum) Arles (Arelate)

Further Reading

  • Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume VII — Patrick M. Bruun
  • Roman Coins and Their Values, Volume IV — David R. Sear