Theodosius I

Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus

Reign 379 AD – 395 AD
Dynasty Theodosian
Born 347 AD
Died 395 AD

Theodosius the Great was the last emperor to rule both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire. He made Nicene Christianity the official state religion, banned pagan worship, and closed the ancient temples. After his death, the empire was permanently divided between his two young sons.

Theodosius permanently established Christianity as the Roman state religion and presided over the final division of the empire into East and West. The settlement of Visigoths within the empire as semi-autonomous foederati set a precedent that would ultimately contribute to the transformation of the Western Roman Empire into the successor kingdoms.

Key Events

379 AD Appointed Augustus of the East by Gratian after the disaster at Adrianople
380 AD Edict of Thessalonica made Nicene Christianity the official state religion
382 AD Treaty with the Visigoths, settling them as foederati within the empire
391 AD Banned pagan worship and closed the temples throughout the empire
394 AD Defeated the usurper Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus; reunified the empire
395 AD Died at Milan; empire permanently divided between sons Arcadius (East) and Honorius (West)

Coinage

Theodosius's coinage follows the standardized late Roman pattern with the solidus as the primary gold denomination and various bronze fractions. His types emphasize military victory and imperial authority, with the GLORIA ROMANORVM and VIRTVS EXERCITI types being the most common.

Denominations

Solidus Tremissis Siliqua AE2 (Maiorina) AE3 AE4

Notable Types

  • GLORIA ROMANORVM (emperor dragging captive)
  • VIRTVS EXERCITI types
  • CONCORDIA AVGGG types for the three co-emperors
  • VOT V/X/XV/XX types

Common Reverses

GLORIA ROMANORVM VIRTVS EXERCITI CONCORDIA AVGGG VOT V MVLT X SALVS REIPVBLICAE (Victory and captive) VICTORIA AVGGG

Active Mints

Rome Aquileia Milan Siscia Thessalonica Heraclea Constantinople Nicomedia Cyzicus Antioch Alexandria Trier (Augusta Treverorum) Arles (Arelate) Lyon (Lugdunum)

Further Reading

  • Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume IX — J.W.E. Pearce
  • Roman Coins and Their Values, Volume V — David R. Sear